LEARNING ZONES INSIDE THE CLASSROOM

There are many elements to consider as you plan for the next school year. You always review critical pieces like standards, curriculum, instructional activities, and testing, but you also think about the classroom space and how to arrange desks, set up bulletin boards, and organize materials. You can bring these seemingly disconnected components together in a system of seven learning zones. The discovery, news, supplies, community, quiet, teacher, and subject area zones will help you establish routines, save time, and maintain your sanity from the first through the last days of school.

1. Discovery Zone

The discovery zone houses all those items that spark imagination. These include arts and crafts materials, manipulatives, recorders, cameras, music makers, games, puzzles, and fun books and magazines. Share samples of different projects so that students have a jumping off point. You can harness all of this creativity by giving the students a central concept to explore. Have them draw what they see, list observations, and write down their questions. Use this data to inform your instructional strategies and design your lesson plans.

2. News Zone

The news zone will help you manage your classroom calendar, assignments and projects, school-wide events, holidays, upcoming celebrations, weather, temperature, and community and world news. You can also use this space to list your daily learning target, classwork, writing and discussion prompts, and homework. Designate a section for students to share either personal or classroom-related updates.

3. Supplies Zone

The supplies zone is sure to save your sanity. Here is where you provide pencils, pens, highlighters, sharpeners, staplers, scissors, hole punchers, rulers, paper, glue, tape, paperclips, tissue, paper towels, hand sanitizer, a trash can, and general tools. Use this space for reference materials like formula and vocabulary charts, cheat sheets, study guides, manuals, textbooks, clipboards, and spirals or journals. This can also be the hub for turning in classwork or homework, and for storing graded work or portfolios. Provide a lost and found box to help with cleanup and reinforce good citizenship.

4. Community Zone

A community zone serves multiple purposes. Students are reminded that we are all working toward common goals. It provides time to discuss what was learned, make connections, pose questions, present other perspectives, and engage in reflection. These discussions are an opportunity for you to evaluate progress, clarify information, address misconceptions, and take notes to plan ahead. At the start of the year you will lead the discussions, but students should be guided until they can open, facilitate, and close the meetings. It is helpful to define the zone and include the meeting time in your schedule. You can use an area rug to anchor the space and give several students a place to sit. Other students can remain standing or bring in their chairs.

5. Quiet Zone

Sharing the classroom space with 20 or more other kids isn't always easy. Some students naturally prefer to work alone, while others simply need a quiet zone to catch up on work, study, read, write, take a test, or reflect. A spare table and chairs in a corner of your room can be used to define the zone. If possible, provide some earphones to help filter out classroom noise. Use study carrels to block visual distractions.

6. Teacher Zone

The teacher zone serves as your little oasis away from home, but it also helps you manage all of your professional responsibilities. Use the space to nurture your spirit by displaying photos of family, friends, pets, and vacations. Frame or pin up a few precious notes and small gifts from your past and present students. If you don't have a desk, then make sure you have a secure cabinet to store your handbag, keys, valuables, medication, and other personal items. This zone is also your professional space where you plan, prepare, grade, analyze data, and complete your reports. It houses your teacher's manuals, references, and charts. You will also use this area to work on confidential records like grades, test data, student modifications, and cumulative files. You can use it as a private space to host one-to-one conferences with your students. Be sure to display your credentials like degrees, teaching certification, and key professional development certificates. These credentials and a pair of adult-sized chairs will set the business tone when parents, colleagues, or administrators visit your room.

7. Subject Area Zone

The subject area zone houses the worksheets, resources, manipulatives, games, and tech tools for the subjects you teach. It's important to also display how subjects interconnect, because too many students have a difficult time relating subject matter to other disciplines. Tools and manipulatives should be moved from closets, storage bins, or cabinets and placed in this zone. Provide anchor charts with key ideas and strategies, flashcards, study notes, key people in the field, timelines, and a variety of print materials. Upgrade your word wall by adding visuals and real objects. Organize vocabulary alphabetically or by concept or story -- the key is to provide context for each term. Define the zone with a header, comfortable seating, and even stuffed study buddies.

RETRIEVED FROM:

EDUTOPIA.ORG

TEACHER'S PURSUIT OF SUCCESS

MA in Education in the Philippines

Master of Arts in Education program (MAED) is a graduate program that reinforces students’ understanding of educational theories, concepts, curriculum and instructional techniques in order to further advance in their professional careers. This program enhances teachers’ theoretical and technical knowledge in teaching a specific subject area or professional area, and prepares students for various administrative and supervisory positions in elementary, secondary, post-secondary and vocational programs.

The MAED program gives special emphasis on research and is geared towards equipping students with a variety of tools, techniques and methodologies for conducting, critiquing, and evaluating research in education.

There are two types of graduate programs related to the Master of Arts in Education degree: 

• Non-thesis Master’s Programs for Teachers: 
• Non-thesis programs in education aim to develop the competencies of classroom teachers in accordance with the National Competency Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS) in order to make them more effective facilitators of student learning in various subjects. Non-thesis programs focus on the teaching profession and the relevant knowledge and skills needed to attain the competencies defined in the NCBTS (see source). 
• Thesis Master’s Program for Teachers: 
• Thesis programs in education aim to develop the competencies of education professionals to undertake research in specific areas within the broad field of educational science and practice. Thesis programs focus on the replication, verification, validation, contextualization and/or application of theoretical knowledge in the different aspects of the educational process.

Reasons to have an MA in Education degree

A master’s degree in Education enables education graduates to qualify for higher positions in academic institutions and education agencies. It is a credential that is often demanded from applicants who wish to teach in the tertiary level and even for managerial, supervisory or professional positions in some elementary and secondary schools. A master’s degree will give you an edge over other education graduates; due to the increasing number of education graduates in the Philippines, some schools no longer accept applicants for managerial and supervisory positions who do not hold a master’s degree in education.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the Master of Arts in Education curriculum are divided into four main categories: 

• Core/Foundation Courses: Methods of Research, Foundations of Education, Values and Value Systems in Education, Educational Statistics 

• Major Courses: Educational Leadership and Management: Theory and Practice, Educational Planning, Human Resource Management, Fiscal Management, Systems Analysis, Curriculum Planning, Educational Management, Educational Leadership, Management Behavior in Education, Emerging Theories and Principles of Teaching and Assessment 

• Electives: Trends and Issues in Philippine Education, Practicum – Elementary/Secondary/Tertiary - in the Organization and Management of Educational Institutions, School and Community Relations, Administration & Supervision in Private & Public Schools, Seminar on Research, Higher Education Pedagogies, Information Communication for Teachers, Advanced Speech Improvement 
• Thesis (for thesis programs) or Special Project or Comprehensive Examination (for non-thesis programs) 

The lessons in the MAED program are taught through classroom lectures. Students may also be exposed to a number of academic institutions to observe different teaching techniques among tenured education teachers. They are also required to attend educational talks and seminars.

To be able to hold a MA in Education degree, a graduate student must complete a thesis (thesis option) or a special project/comprehensive exam (non-thesis option). Once completed their thesis or special project, students will face a panel consisting of experts in the field of education.

What are the admission requirements for the MAED program?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements: 

• Bachelor’s degree in Education: To be admitted in the MAED program, an applicant must have obtained a BEED, BSED or similar degree from a college or university. However, an applicant with a degree not in line with the education field may still be admitted in the program as long as he/she takes the prerequisite courses. 
• Graduate School Entrance Exam: some schools have an entrance exam for graduate students. 
• Certificate of Employment: some schools require applicants to submit a Certificate of Employment to determine the length of the applicant’s work experience. 
• Interview: must pass the interview conducted by the college. 
• Recommendations: some school require applicants to submit letters of recommendation from former/current employers and/or from their Bachelor’s degree professors.

What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course? 

• English skills – when you study masters the method of teaching is self-directed, there will be a lot of reporting and presentations so the ability to proficiently speak and write English and convey information is very important 
• Reading comprehension – most of the time, you will be left alone in the library by your professors to read a materials that you will have to understand on your own. Long chapter exams will also be part of your daily meeting therefore you must have the ability to read and understand professional materials. 
• Analytical skills – unlike in the undergraduate level, studying masters is different because you will do most of the things that are supposed to be the job of your professors. From looking for relevant books, reading them and jotting down your thoughts and ideas. Because of this, you have to see the logical connections among concepts and be able to apply them in the practice of your teaching profession. 
• Interpersonal skills – in your master’s class you will less likely be working alone because professors like to group students to perform certain activities. You will encounter classmates who come from different age groups and backgrounds thus it’s important to be able to maintain good working relationships and adapt to different kinds of attitude. 
• Active Listening – while graduate school practices self-directed learning, there will also be times when your professors will give very long lectures for consecutive days, this is to emphasize the most important lessons which cannot be solely studied by students. It is important that you listen carefully and ask questions because your professors will not discuss the lessons again. 
• Patience – long lecture hours will wear students down, it’s important to have the patience to withstand long hours of plain listening and taking down notes. 
• Organization – the ability to sort and arrange information in a systematic order, combine ideas and relay them to the students in a clear, concise, and logical manner. 

How difficult is MA in Education?

Master of Arts in Education is not a difficult course. Generally, studying a master’s degree is easier than undergraduate studies because there are less requirements, and you already have previous learning experience and know how to handle requirements and exams. The MAED curriculum requirement is 36 units, which means that you only have to take 2 to 3 subjects every semester, for two years (4 semesters).

The challenging part of the MAED program is the final requirement: for the thesis option - the thesis making and for the non-thesis - a comprehensive examination or a special project. While complying with these requirements, time will be the enemy of many students, as they are only given one semester to complete these requirements; this will prove quite difficult for those who are employed and are balancing work and study.

How long does it take to complete the MAED program in the Philippines?

The MAED program takes a minimum of 2 years to complete.

Most students who enroll in the MAED program are already employed as teachers or hold other positions. Because of time restraints, the majority of graduates take more than two years to complete the degree.

Common Fields of Concentration

The most common fields of concentration in the MAED program are as follows: 

• Educational Management – provides students with a strong foundation on the theories and concepts in organizational learning and development, human development and learning, assessment quality and standards, management of educational technology applications, finance and resource management. 
• Guidance and Counseling – enhance students’ knowledge and skills in psychological counselling and guidance services. The program is designed to help students become competent professionals who are equipped with essential skills in working with individuals, couples and families in different counselling settings. 
• Mathematics – covers four branches of mathematics namely Advanced Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Practical Calculus and even biostatistics 
• Filipino – concentrates on the history and use of the Filipino language 
• English – primarily focuses on the development of linguistics, the structure of the English language and the different types of literature. 
• Special Education – enhance the knowledge and skills of special education teachers to work in various educational settings and dealing with students who have special needs (such as the physically or mentally disabled) done through an especially designed set of instructions, support, and services provided to students with an identified disability requiring an individually designed instructional program to meet their unique learning needs. 
• Supervision and Administration – designed to provide students with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions necessary to be successful school leaders who can apply theory to practice. The program encompasses instructional leadership, organizational management, technology management, and data-driven decision-making. 
• Early Childhood Education – an educational program that teaches children from birth to eight years old (pre-school age) with the main focus of guiding children learn through play and improving later school performance. 
• Science Education – a course of study that includes introductory material for earth science, biology, physics and chemistry. 
• Physical Education – studies Filipino culture and traditions including foreign influences; concentrates on Filipino music and arts, customary dances and historic traditions 

Career Opportunities for MAED graduates

The main purpose of taking a MAED degree is for career and professional advancement. A holder of this degree will be able to take on advanced positions in education administration and management. The following are some of the positions that students can take: 

• Head Teacher – under the direction of the Assistant High School Principal, assists in overseeing and directing the planning, organizing, and implementation of education services for students, in addition to part time classroom teacher duties. 
• Assistant Principal – the primary job responsibility is the supervision, discipline, and monitoring of students; under the direction of the Principal, implements and enforces school board policies, administrative rules and regulations. In the absence of the Principal, the Assistant Principal shall assume the duties and responsibilities of the Principal 
• College Professor – if you’re a BEED or BSED graduate who acquired an MA in Education, you will be able to teach in the college level given that you also have high grades and you are competent enough upon demonstration. 
• Department Head of specific major (Head of English Department, Head of Math Department) 
• School Principal – serves as the educational leader and chief administrator, responsible for implementing and managing the policies, regulations, and procedures of the Board of Education to ensure that all students are supervised in a safe child-centered learning environment 
• Administrators in the Department of Education, CHED or TESDA – work under education agencies responsible in regulating the educational system in the Philippines 
• School Supervisors/Superintendents – the chief administrative officer for a certain district; responsible for the effective operation of the District; for the general administration of all instructional, business or other operations of the District and for advising and making recommendations to the Board of Education 
• College Dean – head of a specific college department (Dean, College of Arts and Sciences or College of Education) 
• Education Researcher – a tenured teaching professional who is part of a team that will conduct studies with regards to the issues and concerns clouding the Philippine educational system. They will provide action plans and present formulated solutions to the regulating bodies involved. 
• Educational Consultant – serves in a consultive/supportive role with staff, students, parents and representatives from local districts and community agencies; responsible for coordination, development and implementation of instructional programs within assigned areas 
• Textbook and module writer – educators who became authors of books used in different school subjects and educational reading materials 
• Curriculum Developer – works under public educational agencies such as DepEd and CHED; responsible for designing and implementing curricula that meets national and institutional educational standards. 

Will a Master’s degree in Education increase the chances of teaching abroad?

Since many non-English countries have English language as one of the mandatory subjects/courses, Filipino teachers are in demand abroad, in countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

Generally, as long as you have the work experience, you will be able to land a career as a teacher abroad. However, it would be an advantage if you have a master’s degree, as well as a wide teaching experience.

There are countries where you do not need any additional certification in order to work as a teacher. However, in some countries, such as the United States, a local Teacher Certification is required from foreign educated teachers.

RETRIEVED FROM:

FINDUNIVERSITY.PH

MUST-HAVE SOFTWARES AND WEBSITES IN TEACHING

Teachers are said to be innovative when it comes to teaching the young. Meaning, various strategies to use in delivering instruction, new approaches to use and varied instructional materials as well. Thus, these are some of the must-haves computer applications for teachers that would help them in delivering their instruction:

1. PREZI

Prezi breaks the mold of a typical slideshow. Rather than move from one slide to the next in sequence, Prezi uses a large “whiteboard,” where all your slides are connected like a diagram. When you present your slideshow, it zooms from one area of the diagram (or one “slide”) to the next. This enables you to create much more visually stimulating presentations, as viewers can see the connection between slides.

This makes Prezi great for those who want more highly visual presentations – ones that could almost pass for proper videos. Because Prezi strays from the traditional “slide” method, however, it does take a little more training to use. To download PREZI, click here.

2. EMAZE

Presentations have long evolved from static images and text. To impress in today’s tech-heavy climate, you need strong graphics – ones that don’t just display your data, but tell a story from it.

Emaze is one of leading tools in this field, offering infographic-style charts and animated templates that are advanced enough to be used as product demo videos. What I liked best about Emaze, however, is that it isn’t a far cry from PowerPoint. It has the same general format and tools, which makes it an easy transition for PowerPoint users.

Emaze doesn’t have the most templates, but they do have a business focus. Templates “Infographic,” “Marketing Strategy,” “Sales Pitch” and “Product Demo” include full pre-written slides (pictured below) that you can customize with your specific information and data. Template Store. What’s more is you can use a free version of Emaze with all the main tools – you just can’t save presentations privately. To download EMAZE, click here.

3. QUIZFABER

This is a free teacher software that allows you to create a great variety of quizzes in HTML format, but no previous knowledge of HTML or javascript programming is necessary. It creates true or false, multiple choice, and matching quizzes, just to name a few, that you may publish on the Internet or send via email with just a few clicks. To download Quizfaber, click here.

4. WHAT2LEARN

Every ESL teacher knows kids love games. What if you need a series of short computer games to act as time fillers between activities, or to give your students a break from the more serious type of work? And what if you could give your students a game specially designed by you that they can play at home? Look no further than What2Learn! From their website you can make your own fun interactive game with vocabulary or questions chosen by you, which include options like hangman, word search or multiple choice questions. After you make the game, you obtain a code and a URL you can send to your students. All in a matter of minutes! All for free! To register and use What2learn, click here.

5. BOOKSEARCH

No matter how much technology we use, we still need to cling to our beloved books. Booksearch is a software that allows you to search and find all types of books, even if they are rare or out of print. A great way to save money, as this freeware lets you compare prices before you make your purchase. To download BOOKSEARCH, click here.

6. PICASA

Picasa is a free software developed by Google, an essential image editing tool that will allow you to edit the pictures you have stored in your PC so you may then use them on worksheets, coloring pages, games, flashcards, and all types of activities. You can also create albums to be shared with your students. To learn more about PICASA, click here.

7. TEST COMMANDER

This teacher software is an invaluable tool for creating professional-looking online or printed tests. You can publish tests online, and they’re automatically graded, with the test results sent directly to you. Or create tests that you will administer on paper and print them out. Also, you can send your test database to others. AND it’s available for free download. Pretty amazing, huh? To know more, click here.

8. HILITEXT

This tool will make your Internet research so much easier as it highlights your keywords, thus allowing you to effectively and quickly scan a text for the information you need. It saves time and there’s no need to pore over a long text and make sure you’re not missing anything; the key information will be highlighted for you and in plain sight. To download HILITEXT, click here.

REFERENCES:

http://fitsmallbusiness.com/best-presentation-software-emaze-vs-prezi-vs-powerpoint/
http://busyteacher.org/2878-top-10-teacher-software-programs-you-should-be.html

NOTABLE PEOPLE IN HISTORY

History may or may not repeat itself but these people for sure contributed something that makes our society what it is. That makes us who we are. Here are list of people in the different walks of life who made a big impact and who is deserving to be known most especially to the youth, to our future generation.

1. MOST NOTABLE PHILIPPINE HEROES
2. MOST NOTABLE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIST
3. MOST NOTABLE FILIPINO SCIENTIST AND INVENTORS
4. 10 FAMOUS FILIPINO WRITERS
5. NOTABLE FILIPINO ARTIST
6. PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS

LAWS AND POLICIES EVERY TEACHER SHOULD BE AWARE OF

Teaching profession is not an easy job. It is arduous not only because teachers have to deal with diverse children, nor the tons of clerical jobs that they are bound to do, but rather, they are surrounded with policies and laws that make teaching a very pressuring job. However, there are also some policies that help teachers towards their development as individuals and as educators. Here are some of the policies, laws and acts that every teachers should know and internalize:

1. DepEd Order No. 40, s.2012

Also known as the Child Protection Policy (CPP). The policy aim to protect the child from all forms of violence that may be inflicted by adults, persons in authority as well as their fellow students, including bullying.


2. CODE OF ETHICS FOR TEACHERS

Code of Ethics states the roles and responsibilities of the teachers in the different stakeholders of the educational institution. It relays how teachers should behave and act for they are said to be the epitome of morality.

3. Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994

An act to strengthen the regulation and supervision of the practice of teaching in the philippines and prescribing a licensure examination for teachers and for other purposes.An act to strengthen the regulation and supervision of the practice of teaching in the philippines and prescribing a licensure examination for teachers and for other purposes.

4. MAGNA CARTA FOR TEACHERS

This Act promote and improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and working conditions, their terms of employment and career prospects in order that they may compare favorably with existing opportunities in other walks of life, attract and retain in the teaching profession more people with the proper qualifications, it being recognized that advance in education depends on the qualifications and ability of the teaching staff and that education is an essential factor in the economic growth of the nation as a productive investment of vital importance.

REFERENCES:
http://www.teacherph.com/deped-child-protection-policy-what-you-need-to-know/
http://eduphil.org/code-of-ethics-for-teachers-in-the-philippines.html
http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7836.htm#.V6XTSrh97IU
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4670_1966.html

RESEARCH PAPER PARTS AND ITS CONTENTS

Teachers constantly look for ways on how they can improve their lives. Most of them pursue post academic studies to seek advancement on their work and on their lives. Thus, most of the teachers take Masters and Doctorate degree to achieve these goals. For promotion and for self improvement as an educator. Having said that, this is no piece of cake. To be able to finish the course, one must have a Thesis or a Dissertation. Thus, this blog states the basic parts of a research paper that may, in some way,  help the teacher's future endeavors.

The main thing to remember with any research paper is that it is based upon an hourglass structure. It starts with general information, as you conduct a literature review, and becomes specific as you nail down aresearch problem and hypothesis.

Finally, it again becomes more general as you try to apply your findings to the world at general.

Whilst there are a few differences between the various disciplines, with some fields placing more of an emphasis upon certain parts than others do, there is a basic underlying structure.

These steps are the building blocks of constructing a good research paper. This section covers laying out the parts of a research paper, including the various experimental methods and designs.

The principles for literature review and essay of all types follow the same basic principles.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

The Introduction

For many students, writing the introduction is the first part of the process, setting down the direction of the paper and laying out exactly what the research paper is trying to achieve.

For others, the introduction is the last thing written, acting as a quick summary of the paper. As long as you have planned a good structure for the parts of a research paper, both methods are equally good and it is a matter of preference.

A good introduction generally consists of three distinct parts, starting with

1. a general presentation of the research problem.
2. You should then lay out exactly what you are trying to achieve with this particular research project.
3. stating your own position.

Ideally, you should try to give each section its own paragraph, but short or long papers will vary.

1) The General Presentation

Look at the benefits to be gained by the research or why the problem has not been solved. Perhaps nobody has thought about it, or maybe previous research threw up some interesting leads that the previous researchers did not follow up.

Another researcher may have uncovered some interesting trends, but did not manage to reach thesignificance level, due to experimental error or small sample sizes.

2) Purpose and the Exact Direction of the Paper

The research problem does not have to be a statement, but must at least imply what you are trying to find.

Many writers prefer to place the thesis statement or hypothesis here, which is perfectly acceptable, but most include it in the last sentences of the introduction, to give the reader a fuller picture.

3) A Statement of Intent From the Writer

The idea is that somebody will be able to gain an overall view of the paper without needing to read the whole thing. Literature reviews are time-consuming enough, so giving the reader an idea saves their time.

In this section, you look to give a background to the research, including any relevant information learned during your literature review. You are also trying to explain why you chose this area of research, attempting to highlight why it is necessary.The second part should state the purpose of the experiment and should include the research problem, as a part of focusing the introduction towards the thesis statement or hypothesis.The third part should give the reader a quick summary of the form that the parts of the research paper are going to take and should include a condensed version of the discussion.

The Method

This should be the easiest part of the paper to write, as it is a run-down of the exact design andmethodology used to perform the research. Obviously, the exact methodology varies depending upon the exact field and type of experiment.

There is a big methodological difference between the apparatus based research of the physical sciences and the methods and observation methods of social sciences. However, the key is to ensure that another researcher should be able to replicate the experiment exactly, whilst keeping the section concise.

You can assume that anybody reading your paper is familiar with all of the basic methods, so try not to explain every last detail. For example, an organic chemist or biochemist will be familiar with chromatography, so you only need to highlight the type of equipment and should not explain the process in detail.

In the case of a survey, if you have too many questions to cover in the method, you can always include a copy of the questionnaire in the appendix. In this case, make sure that you refer to it.

The Results

This is probably the most variable part of any research paper, and depends upon the results and aims of the experiment.

For quantitative research, it is a presentation of the numerical results and data, whereas for qualitative research it should be a broader discussion of trends, without going into too much detail.

For research generating a lot of results, then it is better to include tables or graphs of the analyzed data and leave the raw data in the appendix, so that a researcher can follow up and check your calculations.

A commentary is essential to linking the results together, rather than displaying isolated and unconnected charts, figures and findings.

It can be quite difficulty to find a good balance between the results and the discussion section, because some findings, especially in a quantitative or descriptive experiment, will fall into a grey area. As long as you not repeat yourself to often, then there should be no major problem.

It is best to try to find a middle course, where you give a general overview of the data and then expand upon it in the discussion - you should try to keep your own opinions and interpretations out of the results section, saving that for the discussion.

The Discussion

This is where you elaborate upon your findings, and explain what you found, adding your own personal interpretations.

Ideally, you should link the discussion back to the introduction, addressing each initial point individually.

It is important to try to make sure that every piece of information in your discussion is directly related to the thesis statement, or you risk clouding your findings. You can expand upon the topic in theconclusion - remembering the hourglass principle.

The Conclusion

The conclusion is where you build upon your discussion and try to refer your findings to other research and to the world at large.

In a short research paper, it may be a paragraph or two, or practically non-existent.

In a dissertation, it may well be the most important part of the entire paper - not only does it describe the results and discussion in detail, it emphasizes the importance of the results in the field, and ties it in with the previous research.

Some research papers require a recommendations section, postulating that further directions of the research, as well as highlighting how any flaws affected the results. In this case, you should suggest any improvements that could be made to the research design.

The Reference List

No paper is complete without a reference list, documenting all of the sources that you used for your research. This should be laid out according to APA, MLA or other specified format, allowing any interested researcher to follow up on the research.

One habit that is becoming more common, especially with online papers, is to include a reference to your paper on the final page. Lay this out in MLA, APA and Chicago format, allowing anybody referencing your paper to copy and paste it.

REFERENCE:

https://explorable.com/parts-of-a-research-paper